Another ten million people lived in their peripheral industrial and residential zones. By the 1990s with expanded boundaries the capital city provinces of Manila and Jakarta had both reached almost ten million, qualifying them for megacity status. In the 1940s their populations leapt to over one million.
Around 1900 they were still comparable with Malacca four centuries earlier (Reid 1993: 69). During the twentieth century, their populations increased by two orders of magnitude (Tables 8.1 and 8.2). Established as river ports by local rulers, they were conquered and rebuilt as model European cities but relied heavily upon Chinese trade networks for regional trade (Blussé 1986). A Modern Economic History of Southeast Asiaįor all their obvious differences, Manila and Jakarta are in many respects the two most similar capital cities of Southeast Asia.
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